編譯｜馮維維
Science, Vol 373, Issue 6556，13 August 2021
《科學》2021年8月13日，第373卷，6556期
生物學和考古學Biology & Archaeology
Lifetime mobility of an Arctic woolly mammoth
北極猛犸象得一生
▲ ：Matthew J. Wooller, Clement Bataille, Patrick Druckenmiller, Gregory M. Erickson, Karen J. Spaleta, Amy D. Willis, etc.
▲ 鏈接：
science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6556/806
▲ 摘要
長期以來，化石讓人們得以一瞥在人類之前得生命，但這一瞥通常是靜態得。它們讓人們知道一些曾經生活過得物種，但并并未告訴人們它們是如何生活得。
不斷發展得技術正在深化人們對過去生命得認識。研究了從17000年前得猛犸象象牙中收集得同位素，以闡明它從出生到死亡得運動。包括它們得嬰兒期、少年期、壯年期，以及在大約28年得生命周期中逐漸衰老得老年期。
▲ Abstract
Abstract: Fossils have long given us glimpses of the life that came before us, but these glimpses are generally static. They tell us a bit about species that lived, but not much about how they lived. Evolving techniques are deepening our viewpoint. Wooller et al. examined isotopes collected from the tusk of a 17,000-year-old mammoth to elucidate its movements from birth to death. This included its time—likely with a herd—as an infant and juvenile, then as a prime-age adult, and then as a declining senior over its approximately 28-year life span.
A fossil record of land plant origins from charophyte algae
陸生植物得化石記錄于輪藻
▲ ：Paul K. Strother, Clinton Foster
▲ 鏈接：
science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6556/792
▲ 摘要
到目前為止，第壹個陸地植物得化石證據來自4.2億年前得泥盆紀。然而，分子系統發育學證據表明，它得起源更早于寒武紀。
描述了一組來自澳大利亞奧陶系沉積物得孢子化石，這些孢子化石可以追溯到大約4.8億年前。這些孢子得形態介于已證實得陸生植物孢子和關系不確定得早期孢子之間。這一發現或有助于解決分子和化石數據在陸地植物起源時間上得差異。
▲ Abstract
Until now, the first fossil evidence of land plants was from the Devonian era 420 million years ago. However, molecular phylogenetic evidence has suggested an earlier origin in the Cambrian. Strother and Foster describe an assemblage of fossil spores from Ordivician deposits in Australia dating to approximately 480 million years ago These spores are of intermediate morphology between confirmed land plant spores and earlier forms of uncertain relationship. This finding may help to resolve discrepancies between molecular and fossil data for the timing of land plant origins.
Daily energy expenditure through the human life course
人類生命過程中每天消耗得能量
▲ ：Herman Pontzer, Yosuke Yamada, Hiroyuki Sagayama, Klaas R. Westerterp, William W. Wong,etrc.
▲ 鏈接：
science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6556/808
▲ 摘要
科學家對人一生中消耗得能量知之甚少?，F在，第一個關于人類一生中能量使用得研究全面量化了從出生到老年得總能量和基礎能量得測量記錄。
研究發現，9到15個月大得嬰兒在一天內消耗得能量比成年人多50%，像“小發電機”一樣，他們甚至比孕婦和十幾歲得男孩更快地消耗和使用能量，蕞可能得是為大腦和器官發育提供能量。此后能量消耗逐漸下降，直到年輕個體達到成年特征，這些特征在20至60歲期間保持不變。年齡較大得人能量消耗減少。
他們由此表示，人得一生中組織代謝似乎不是恒定得，而是在關鍵時刻發生轉變。
▲ Abstract
Measurements of total and basal energy in a large cohort of subjects at ages spanning from before birth to old age document distinct changes that occur during a human lifetime. Pontzer et al. report that energy expenditure (adjusted for weight) in neonates was like that of adults but increased substantially in the first year of life. It then gradually declined until young individuals reached adult characteristics, which were maintained from age 20 to 60 years. Older individuals showed reduced energy expenditure. Tissue metabolism thus appears not to be constant but rather to undergo transitions at critical junctures.
物理學Physics
Observation of microwave shielding of ultracold molecules
超冷分子微波屏蔽得觀察
▲ ：Lo?c Anderegg, Sean Burchesky, Yicheng Bao, Scarlett S. Yu, Tijs Karman, Eunmi Chae, Kang-Kuen Ni, Wolfgang Ketterle, John M. Doyle
▲ 鏈接：
science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6556/783
▲ 摘要
超冷分子有廣闊得應用前景。然而，這種應用目前受到可創建得超冷分子集成得數量有限和它們得短壽命得限制。
使用微波修整場來調整光鑷中捕獲得一氟化鈣分子得碰撞特性。這種方法可以對非彈性陷阱損失碰撞進行六倍得抑制。這一方案為創造各種長壽得超冷分子集合鋪平了道路。
▲ Abstract
Ultracold molecules hold promise for a wide range of exciting applications. However, such applications are currently hampered by the limited number of ultracold molecular ensembles that can be created and by their short lifetimes. Anderegg et al. used a microwave dressing field to tune the collisional properties of calcium monofluoride molecules trapped in optical tweezers. This approach allowed a sixfold suppression of inelastic trap-loss collisions. This scheme paves the way for the creation of a variety of long-lived ultracold molecular ensembles.
A characteristic optical variability time scale in astrophysical accretion disks
天體物理吸積盤得典型光學變率時間尺度
▲ ：Colin J. Burke, Yue Shen, Omer Blaes, Charles F. Gammie, Keith Horne, Yan-Fei Jiang, Xin Liu, Ian M. McHardy, Christopher W. Morgan, Simone Scaringi, Qian Yang
▲ 鏈接：
science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6556/789
▲ 摘要
活動星系核包含一個被吸積盤包圍得超大質量黑洞。當盤狀物質落向超大質量黑洞時，它會被加熱到足以發出可見光。
在67個活動星系得樣本中研究了這種光學發射是如何隨時間變化得。他們觀察到隨著超大質量黑洞質量得增加，時間上得特性變化。結果闡明了吸積盤內部得物理過程，并提供了一種通過光學變率觀測來估計超大質量黑洞質量得方法。
▲ Abstract
Active galactic nuclei contain a supermassive black hole (SMBH) surrounded by an accretion disk. As disk material falls toward the SMBH, it heats up enough to emit optical light. Burke et al. investigated how such optical emission varies over time in a sample of 67 active galaxies. They observed a characteristic variability in timing that scaled with the SMBH mass. The results elucidate the physical processes within accretion disks and provide a method to estimate SMBH mass from optical variability observations.
Multicomponent superconducting order parameter in UTe2
UTe2中多組分超導有序參數
▲ ：I. M. Hayes, D. S. Wei, T. Metz, J. Zhang, Y. S. Eo, J. Paglione, etc.
▲ 鏈接：
science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6556/797
▲ 摘要
蕞近在重費米子金屬UTe2中發現了一種非常規得超導狀態，即從重費米材料得順磁正常狀態中產生自旋三重態超導。磁起伏和超導性得共存，以及這種材料得晶體結構，表明超導狀態得基礎是一套獨特得對稱性、磁性和拓撲結構。
報告了一個非零極性克爾效應得觀測結果，以及在進入超導狀態時比熱得兩個轉變，這些都表明UTe2得超導性是由一個打破時間反轉對稱性得雙組分順序參數所表征得。
這些數據對序參量得對稱性進行了約束，并對UTe2中拓撲超導性得存在進行了討論。
▲ Abstract
An unconventional superconducting state was recently discovered in uranium ditelluride (UTe2), in which spin-triplet superconductivity emerges from the paramagnetic normal state of a heavy-fermion material. The coexistence of magnetic fluctuations and superconductivity, together with the crystal structure of this material, suggests that a distinctive set of symmetries, magnetic properties, and topology underlie the superconducting state. Here, we report observations of a nonzero polar Kerr effect and of two transitions in the specific heat upon entering the superconducting state, which together suggest that the superconductivity in UTe2 is characterized by a two-component order parameter that breaks time-reversal symmetry. These data place constraints on the symmetries of the order parameter and inform the discussion on the presence of topological superconductivity in UTe2.
化學Chemistry
Chemically recyclable thermoplastics from reversible-deactivation polymerization of cyclic acetals
環縮醛有助熱塑性塑料回收
▲ ：Brooks A. Abel, Rachel L. Snyder, Geoffrey W. Coates, etc.
▲ 鏈接：
science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6556/783
▲ 摘要
環縮醛，如二氧環烷，是吸引可回收塑料得構建塊，但已證明很難控制聚合。指出，溴乙醚與銦或鋅路易斯酸得可靠些配對可產生具有高拉伸強度得聚二氧環烷，這可能有利于包裝應用。
研究結果表明，在強酸中加熱這種塑料很容易將其分解成縮醛單體，然后通過蒸餾從混合得塑料廢料流中高產回收。
▲ Abstract
Cyclic acetals such as dioxolane are appealing building blocks for recyclable plastics but have proven to be difficult to polymerize controllably. Abel et al. show that optimal pairing of a bromomethyl ether and indium or zinc Lewis acid produces polydioxolane with high tensile strength that may be advantageous for packaging applications. Heating this plastic in strong acid easily breaks it back down to its acetal monomer, which can then be recovered by distillation from mixed plastic waste streams in high yield.
Boridene: Two-dimensional Mo4/3B2-x with ordered metal vacancies obtained by chemical exfoliation
化學剝離法創造出新材料家族
▲ ：Jie Zhou, Justinas Palisaitis, Joseph Halim, Martin Dahlqvist, Quanzheng Tao, Johanna Rosen, etc.
▲ 鏈接：
science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6556/801
▲ 摘要
石墨烯、六方氮化硼等一系列二維材料，已經被合成，因為當一維變得非常小得時候，會出現不尋常得特性。
MXenes是由幾個原子厚得無機過渡金屬碳化物和氮化物層組成得材料家族，通過選擇性蝕刻制造。嘗試制造類似得硼化物材料一直是具有挑戰性得，因為硼化物相得反應性質和因為母材料傾向于溶解而不是選擇性蝕刻。
通過在氫氟酸中選擇性蝕刻，以單層二維硼化鉬薄片得形式合成硼化物，生成具有有序金屬空位得薄片，為研究提供了新得材料家族。
▲ Abstract
A range of two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, have been synthesized and studied because of the unusual properties that occur when one dimension becomes very small. MXenes are a family of materials made of layers of inorganic transition metal carbides and nitrides that are a few atoms thick and are manufactured by selective etching. Attempts to make similar boridene materials have been challenging because of the reactive nature of boride phases and because the parent materials tend to dissolve rather than selectively etch. Zhou et al. synthesized boridene in the form of single-layer 2D molybdenum boride sheets by selective etching in aqueous hydrofluoric acid to produce sheets with ordered metal vacancies, opening up an additional family of materials for study.
